CCL2 and neoplasm: Notably, CAF-FAP and CAF-C7 both showed upregulated chemokine signaling pathway (Fig. 4h), but showed high expression of pro-inflammatory genes (CCL2, CXCL12, GDF15, and LIFR) at tumor core and pro-fibrotic genes (TNFRSF12A, TGFBR1, TGFBR2) at FR, respectively.