INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The goal is to enhance the autonomous regulation of blood glucose levels (BGL) by creating a closed-loop connection between insulin pumps and CGM sensors to maintain the patient’s glucose concentration within the normal range of 70–180 mg/dL or 3.9–10 mmol/L [4], ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) [5].