In addition, the four most dominant strains of gut microbiota in individuals with GC with H. pylori strains, including Enterococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus, contribute to the progression of GC by increasing damage to cancerous tissue (26–28), the levels of tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α) (29), and unfavorable metabolites (30). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is gastric cancer.