HK1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Experimentally, lactate-exposed NSCLC cell lines have demonstrated transcriptional up-regulation of TCA cycle enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (IDH3G), while concurrently exhibiting down-regulation of glycolytic enzymes, including hexokinase 1 (HK-1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M (PKM).