Numerous agents targeting the JAKs-STAT1/5, JAKs-STAT3/6, TLR4-NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, AMPK-PPAR and Nrf2-HO-1 pathways have been shown to induce M2 macrophage polarization and/or inhibit M1 macrophage polarization (178, 179), paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage functions specific to CKD and associated pathologies. Here, STAT1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.