Numerous agents targeting the JAKs-STAT1/5, JAKs-STAT3/6, TLR4-NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, AMPK-PPAR and Nrf2-HO-1 pathways have been shown to induce M2 macrophage polarization and/or inhibit M1 macrophage polarization (178, 179), paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage functions specific to CKD and associated pathologies. The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is chronic kidney disease.