PCD@CM promotes cuproptosis by inducing the aggregation of lipoylated mitochondrial proteins and the depletion of iron-sulfur proteins, leading to severe proteotoxic stress. This process is further potentiated by near-infrared (NIR-II) photothermal therapy (PTT) and GSH depletion, making tumor cells more susceptible to cuproptosis. The enhanced cuproptosis subsequently activates ICD, which boosts cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration and strengthens the effectiveness of PD-L1-mediated immune checkpoint blockade. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.