TLR4 and neoplasm: Studies have shown that A. lancea polysaccharides have anti-tumor effects, which can activate macrophages through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, reduce the expression of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), increase the expression of pro-apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cysteine aspartate proteinase-9 (Caspas-9), finally promote tumor cell apoptosis (27–29).