Probiotic fermentation technology (PFT) has been reported to improve insulin signalling by modulating the gut microbiota, upregulating insulin receptor expression and activating PI3K/Akt signalling, followed by inhibition of GSK-3β and mTOR signalling, which leads to the downregulation of over-phosphorylated tau proteins in order to halt the development of memory and cognitive impairment (129). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Cognitive impairment.