GFAP and Cognitive impairment: Several studies have reported pathological astrogliosis and associated neuronal hypotrophic glucose metabolism in patients with neurodegenerative disease and diabetic model animals, showing increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and significant cellular hypertrophy (32), which has been correlated to some extent with the severity of cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).