While this interaction results in the release of GLP-1 which can regulate obesity and glycemic control, there has been no reported effect on anti-inflammatory actions with LPI-18:1 Taken together, these reports do not completely rule out the possibility that LPI-18:1 and other LPIs could be ligands at these other L-S receptor in DRG cultures; however, the lack of expression of GPR18 and GPR119 in the hippocampus makes this alterative explanation of LPI-mediated effects on anti-inflammatory actions less likely in the context of the present studies. This evidence concerns the gene GPR18 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.