For instance, ROS can stimulate the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cyclin D1 expression and JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, all of which are linked to tumor cell growth and survival (Martindale and Holbrook, 2002; Ranjan et al., 2006). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is neoplasm.