TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Piper longum, a medicinal plant from the Piperaceae family, contains major compounds like piperlongumine [153], an alkaloid, which reduces inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-23 [154], while also inhibiting ROS production and the JNK/NF-kB signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis models [155,156].