TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense) exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, NO, PGE2, and NF-κB, as well as suppressing 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), a key enzyme in leukotriene synthesis implicated in RA and OA [192–194].