TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Using the NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor PDTC and SB-431542, a selective inhibitor of TGF-β1, we confirmed that NF-κB promoted TGF-β1 expression and activation of the Smads signaling pathway, driving the transition from fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and exacerbating intestinal fibrosis in IBD.