APP and memory impairment: A data-driven analysis of images and fluid biomarkers indicated that CBF changes assessed with ASL MRI occurred even before Aβ and tau changes emerged in cognitively unimpaired and impaired individuals [40]; this finding was also supported by studies of transgenic mice that found that capillary dysfunction preceded Aβ deposition and memory impairment in the APP/PS1 mice of different ages [41].