CASP3 and central nervous system cancer: PCTC, a derivative of MA, elevated the levels of p-JNK and p-p38, which are associated with iROS generation, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis in glioma cells by augmenting caspase 3/7, PARP, and repressing the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (Lin et al., 2022).