VCAM1 and COVID-19: When comparing only patient groups in the first week of hospitalization, s-ICAM-1 and s-VCAM-1 values did not significantly differ between patient groups, although s-VCAM-1 values tended to be lower in patients with critical COVID-19 on VV-ECMO (P = 0.053 vs. severe, at admission) (Fig. 2D and E).