NPY and congestive heart failure: Congestive cardiac failure (CHF) is associated with high resting sympathetic drive, leading to increased release of noradrenaline (Cohn et al., 1984) and the cotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) (Ajijola et al., 2020; Hulting et al., 1990; Maisel et al., 1989; McDowell et al., 2024), in addition to vagal withdrawal (La Rovere et al., 1998; Nolan et al., 1998), which are indicators of poor prognosis for morbidity and mortality (Herring, Kalla et al., 2019).