PPIB and viral infectious disease: Cyclophilins have been shown to be required for replication of diverse viruses including HIV 1 [6,7], HCV [8,9,10], Vaccinia virus [11], West Nile, Dengue, Yellow Fever [12], HBV [13], HPV [14], HCMV [15], coronaviruses [16,17], JEV [18], Influenza A [19], and VSV [20].