INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In T2DM, various flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, epicatechin, genistein, daidzein, anthocyanins), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, gallic acids, curcumin), stilbenes (e.g., resveratrol), tannins (e.g., procyanidin B2, seaweed phlorotannins), and lignans (e.g., pinoresinol) have been demonstrated to lower hyperglycemia, enhance insulin sensitivity and improve insulin secretion, scavenge ROS, and reduce chronic inflammation.