To begin to address these shortcomings, we have in this study applied commercially available tests produced for other species (Idexx for cattle, DPP VetTB for cervids) with an in-house serology test, and cellular cytokine release assays (IFN-γ and TNF-α) using commercial reagents and kits, for their ability to detect subclinical infections in dogs from both high- and low-expected prevalence populations. Here, TNF is linked to infection.