IL6 and diabetes mellitus: Table 2 shows that the presence of a history of malignancy (HR: 4.25, p = 0.026) and active smoking (HR: 2.94, p = 0.036) are linked to long-term AVF failure. Furthermore, elevated baseline IL-6 levels are associated with AVF failure (HR: 2.23, p < 0.001), regardless of age and sex (HR: 2.18, p < 0.001), and independent of age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors (DM, hypertension, IHD, and PAD) (HR: 1.96, p = 0.001). Furthermore, higher baseline values of IL-6 are associated with AVF failure in RC-AVF patients (HR:4.06, p = 0.001) and BC-AVF patients (HR:2.33, p = 0.012) (Table 2).