TP53 and colonic neoplasm: Additionally, caffeic acid has been shown to have antiproliferative effects in HT-29 and HCT-15 colon cancer cells, with the proposed effect possibly mediated by phenolic compounds present, which cause cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 phase, as well as damage at the cellular membrane level through ROS generation, thus activating p53, upregulating Bax, and downregulating Blc2 [44].