The nonstructural protein 3-trans-activated protein 1 (NS3TP1) of HCV also promotes the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of HSCs through the TGFβ1/ small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad)3 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways to enhance HF, demonstrating that NS3TP1 is a unique new target for the treatment of HF related to HCV [41]. This evidence concerns the gene ASNSD1 and hydrops fetalis.