VEGFA and hydrops fetalis: The mechanism of TAA-induced HF involves affecting mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression, promoting the downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), increasing oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitrogen monoxide (NO)] and transaminases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], and increasing the expression of collagen fibers and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [25].