TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: EGFR-mutated NSCLC showed heightened CD73 expression compared to EGFR wild-type tumors and a combined administration of anti-PD-L1 and anti-CD73 antibodies significantly inhibited tumor growth, amplified the presence of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, and augmented the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in this subgroup, emphasizing the rationale for combining anti-CD73 and anti-PD-L1 treatments [158].