CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In parallel, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have emerged as game-changing therapies in NSCLC therapy, firstly in the advanced setting of the disease, becoming the standard first-line therapies as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy in non-oncogene-addicted NSCLC, and more recently in the early setting [7,8].