Furthermore, sampling of peripheral blood lymphocytes from HCC patients, previously inoculated with T cell-activating tumour-associated antigen-derived peptides, identified that long-lasting CD8+ T cells develop an effector memory phenotype characterised by high expression of IL7r, Sell and upregulation of AP-1 transcription factors including Jun and JunB [93]. This evidence concerns the gene JUN and hepatocellular carcinoma.