JUN and cancer: Studies by Kappelmann-Fenzl et al. revealed that Jun promotes a malignant phenotype in melanoma cells by deregulating genes involved in the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, such as Bcl2, Ccnd1, Pdgfb, Cdk6, and Egfr; the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is crucial to cancer progression [20].