IFNG and cancer: For example, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), activated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) from stromal cells, create an immunosuppressive and fibrotic environment, reducing NK cell receptor expression (e.g., NK group 2D receptor (NKG2D)) and cytotoxic factors like interferon gamma (IFN-γ), perforin, and granzyme B. This fibrotic environment also contributes to diminished NK cell tumor infiltration and chemotherapy resistance [4,5,6,7].