CYB5R3 and heart failure: To date, an array of UFMylation substrates are identified and well characterized, such as activating signal cointegrator 1 (ASC1) [10], meiotic recombination 11 homolog 1 (MRE11) [11], Histone H4 [12], p53 [13], retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-1) [14], cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (CYB5R3) [15], and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) [16], which led to a range of cellular processes and connected UFMylation to a variety of diseases, including hip dysplasia [17], kidney atrophy [18], heart failure [19], cancer, and neurodevelopmental disease [20,21,22,23,24].