TNF and atherosclerosis: Hypercholesterolemia induces atherosclerosis and is a risk factor for CAD through increases in atherogenic biomolecules, including proinflammatory cytokines as interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and CRP protein [11,12].