CCL3 and polycystic ovary syndrome: Elevated levels of MIP-1a in PCOS activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, leading to the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced inflammatory responses, potentially contributing to cardiovascular risk [32,33].