Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting CD133 [108] or anti-mucin 1 (MUC1) [109], both highly expressed antigens in CCA, are in preclinical stages, while CAR-T treatments against mesothelin (NCT06256055) and CEA have entered early clinical testing (NCT06043466). Here, MUC1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.