SPP1 and prostate carcinoma: When analyzing PC-3 cell samples in the prostate cancer study GSE193127 [36] which were transfected with siRNAs targeting FOXA1, a known prostate oncogene, SPP1 was expressed significantly higher (log2FC = 4.005, p-value = 1.658 × 10−4), as compared to control samples which were transfected with non-targeting siRNA (Figure 2B).