RENBP and Insulin resistance: The AGE-RAGE axis, known for inducing oxidative stress and vascular damage, plays a crucial role in compromising both maternal and fetal health [45], while pathways related to lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis are key contributors to maternal obesity’s pathophysiology, linking lipid disturbances to adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term cardiovascular risks for both mothers and offspring [46,47]; additionally, maternal obesity is a significant driver of insulin resistance, highlighting the relevance of the metabolic pathways identified in our analysis [48].