VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Recently, endothelial-derived complement factor D has been associated with increased levels of endothelial dysfunction markers, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and endothelin-1, suggesting that the complement factor D can mediate endothelial dysfunction [76].