Conversely, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, which promotes the generation of proinflammatory interleukins, significantly upregulates AQP3 expression by stimulating HIF-1α and ROS in gastric cells, linking H. pylori infection to increased AQP3 expression and gastric cancer development [33]. Here, HIF1A is linked to Helicobacter pylori infectious disease.