TNF and cardiovascular disorder: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and CRP, are often elevated in CD and play a pivotal role in systemic inflammation, contributing not only to vascular inflammation and the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques but also to the pathophysiology of a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases [16,17].