TOGARAM1 and Joubert syndrome: We also tested the impact of different point substitutions identified in persons with Joubert syndrome on the interaction of ARMC9 and TOGARAM1 (refs. 9,10) and found that all tested substitutions in the TOG2 domain (all located in the first HEAT repeat) and one of the known substitutions in the ARM domain (G492R) perturb the binding (Extended Data Fig. 4a,g,h), supporting the functional importance of this interaction.