In the training cohort, LASSO regression was used to select parameters for assessing significant liver inflammation, with the coefficient curves shown in Fig. 1A. The cross-validation error plot for the LASSO regression model is displayed in Fig. 1B. Five predictive variables (Age, AST, PT, ALB and HBV DNA) were ultimately selected from 17 candidate variables as being positively correlated with significant liver inflammation. Here, ALB is linked to Hepatitis.