PTX3 is associated with CAC indicating its role in identifying subclinical CVD.[155] Moreover, PTX3 has been linked to the severity of CAD in specific populations such as hemodialysis patients,[156] and predicted cardiovascular outcomes including mortality.[157] Combining PTX3 with CAC enhances the noninvasive detection of CAD and improves early diagnosis and risk assessment.[158] Similarly, IL-37, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been linked to CAC and atherosclerosis in both human and animal models. This evidence concerns the gene PTX3 and atherosclerosis.