In contrast to the high-risk category, the low-risk category displayed notably enhanced expression levels of LAT, IL21R, IFNG, FOXP3, and IL2RA, alongside significantly reduced expression of TGFB1 across both the TCGA-HNSCC and GSE41613 cohorts (Fig. 5B and C). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.