A series of in vitro and ex vivo studies by Ganor and colleagues has demonstrated CGRP acts on monocyte-derived LCs (CD1a+ Langerin+ E-cadherin+) to reduce HIV infection by multiple mechanisms, including increased Langerin expression and proteasomal degradation of HIV-1, and reduced cell adhesion and antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells [58–60]. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.