While STEAP3 showed a negative causal link with HCC (OR = 0.530; 95% CI: [0.307 to 0.915]; p = 0.02), there was a significant positive causal connection between SERPING1 and HCC (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: [1.055 to 3.158]; p = 0.03) according to the IVW approach in MR analysis (Table 2). Here, STEAP3 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.