These data suggest that the high efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in NSCLC expressing PD-L1 TPS ≥ 50% is further accelerated by higher level of HMGB1, because HMGB1 promotes cancer immune cycle by activating cancer antigen presentation, which is a different step in the cancer immunity cycle from those modulated by PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. Here, HMGB1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.