PPIA and infection: Previous reports have indicated opposing effects of RANBP2 and CypA on HIV-1 integration in HeLa cells, with RANBP2 knockdown leading to reduced integration in gene-dense regions and CpG islands (23) and CsA treatment (or infection with G89V/P90A CA mutants) leading to increased integration in gene-dense regions, CpG islands, and SPADs and a decrease in integration in LADs (5, 60).