Th17-type IL-17A, which is upregulated in human and canine AD, is reported to induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activated human keratinocytes [10,26]; therefore, in addition to IFN-γ and TNF-α, future studies could investigate whether IL-17A induces multiple cytokine production by activated canine keratinocytes. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.