We next sought to determine the level of malaria exposure in the Kenyan and Ugandan endemic samples collected from the RV217 study and the DoD SR samples, both in terms of seropositivity for CSP(NANP) and MSP-1 (cutoff-dependent approach) and in terms of any observed group-level differences in mean antibody responses (cutoff-independent approach). This evidence concerns the gene ATAD1 and malaria.