GLI1 and colorectal carcinoma: In addition, the relationship between GLI1 protein and the DNA damage repair protein NBS1 has been previously investigated in the context of chemotherapy-resistant colorectal cancer (CRC), which showed that elevated levels of both GLI1 and NBS1 strongly correlated with adverse clinical outcomes, including reduced survival rates and poor therapeutic response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment [61].