TNF and chronic kidney disease: NF-κB plays a central role in coordinating and promoting the production of numerous inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12, as well as chemokines like MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), thus exacerbating the inflammatory environment in CKD.13