First, the sympathetic overactivity can potentiate inflammation through multiple pathways such as IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10.46 Second, impaired parasympathetic function in patients with CKD diminishes the anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the vagus nerve.47 The parasympathetic nervous system normally helps regulate inflammation by releasing acetylcholine, which inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Here, IL6 is linked to chronic kidney disease.