In one such study, patients with CKD were treated with the IL-1R antagonist anakinra for 4 weeks, resulting in a significant reduction in hsCRP and IL-6 levels by 53% and 40%, respectively, compared with a placebo group.114 Another trial using the IL-1 trap rilonacept observed reduced hsCRP levels and improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, a surrogate marker of endothelial function, in patients with CKD.115. Here, IL1A is linked to chronic kidney disease.