SP1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: For example, combined overexpression of v-Myc and SP1/SP3 leads to oncogenic transformation of fibroblasts (McCormick & Maher, 2011), while SP1, SP3, and SP4 have all been reported to bind to vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) promoters and increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor expression in pancreatic cancer cells (Abdelrahim et al., 2007).