Previous own epidemiological studies [summarized in (4, 5)], encompassing biomaterials of over 1,100 patients, unveiled intriguing correlations between smoking habits, expression levels of the human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), Annexin A2 (AnxA2) (for details see below), and HPV infections in various head and neck and vulvar cancers, and also in non-neoplastic tonsillar tissue, leading to the following hypothesis: Smoking results in both increased SLPI and AnxA2 expression with higher SLPI than AnxA2 expression. Here, ANXA2 is linked to vulva cancer.