INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, obesity, hyperuricemia, gout, and other related diseases, are associated with dysregulated metabolic processes that involve insulin resistance, the homeostasis of glucose, lipids, and other nutrients, as well as metabolic inflammation (Sunny et al., 2011; Samuel and Shulman, 2016; Xie et al., 2021).