TNF and asthma: Herein, biological processes related to epithelial function, hypoxia, and immune/inflammatory responses and pathways such as IL-17 and TNF, which are known to be implicated in asthma pathogenesis, were found to be commonly dysregulated in response to environmental pollutants like PM2.5, indicating that these pathways may partially mediate the effects of such exposures on both inflammatory and structural processes in the lungs.